Geneva conventions

Geneva Conventions

They are a set of international treaties finalised in 1949, which set down the limits of acceptable conduct in war to ensure that warring parties remain humane to non-combatants such as civilians and medical personnel, as well as to combatants who are no longer participating in hostilities, such as prisoners of war, and wounded or sick soldiers. They have been  acceded to by all countries.

There are four set of conventions in all.
1.The first deals with the protection of wounded and sick soldiers on land during war; 

2. The second deals with the protection of wounded, sick and shipwrecked military personnel at sea during war
3.The third applies to prisoners of war
4.The fourth protects civilians, including those in occupied territory.

Additionally, there are 3 Protocols:
1.Protocol I of 1977 relates to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
2. Protocol II, also of 1977, deals with the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
3.Protocol III of 2005 is about the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem, of the Red Crystal, in addition to the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

• Authority - The Geneva Conventions have a system of “Protecting Powers” who ensure that the provisions are being followed by the parties.
• In theory, each side must designate states that are not party to the conflict as their “Protecting Powers”.
• In practice, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been mandated under the conventions to ensure the application of the law.
• ICRC visits prisoners, both military and civilian.

Is the convention applicable in the present conflict?

• Both India and Pakistan have been careful not to term the confrontation a war.
• India has specifically said that its airstrikes were a “non-military” intelligence-led operation.
• Nevertheless, both sides are bound by the Geneva Conventions.
• As, the provisions of the conventions apply at the following times:

1. in peacetime situations
2. in declared wars
3. in conflicts that are not recognised as war by one or more of the parties

• This means the IAF officer is a prisoner of war, and his treatment has to be in accordance with the provisions for PoWs under the Geneva Conventions.

What is prohibited under the convention?

• According to the provisions, the nations should avoid the following acts:

1. Violence to life and person, in particular, murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture
2. taking of hostages
3. outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment
4. the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court

• Any unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a prisoner of war is prohibited.
• It will be regarded as a serious breach of the present Convention.
• Particularly, physical mutilation or medical/scientific experiments which are not justified medically and not in PoW's interest are prohibited.
• Likewise, PoWs must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
• Any acts of vengeance against prisoners of war are prohibited as per Article 13 of the Convention.
• The responsibility for the "humane" treatment of PoWs lies with the detaining power, and not just the individuals who captured the PoW.

What rights is a PoW entitled to?

• Article 14 of the Convention lays down that PoWs are entitled to, in all circumstances, respect for their persons and their honour.
• In captivity, a PoW must not be forced to provide information of any kind under physical or mental torture, or any other form of coercion.
• Refusal to answer questions should not invite punishment.
• A PoW must be protected from exposure to fighting.
• Use of PoWs as hostages or human shields is prohibited.
• A PoW has to be given the same access to safety and evacuation facilities as those affiliated to the detaining power.
• Access to health facilities, prayer, recreation and exercise are also written in the Convention.
• The detaining power has to facilitate correspondence between the PoW and his family, and must ensure that this is done without delays.
• A PoW is also entitled to receive books or care packages from the outside world.

What about the release of prisoners?

• Parties to the conflict “are bound to send back” or repatriate PoWs, regardless of rank, who are seriously wounded or sick, after having cared for them until they are fit to travel.
• The conflicting parties are expected to write into any agreement they may reach to end hostilities and for the expeditious return of PoWs.
• Parties to the conflict can also arrive at special arrangements for the improvement of the conditions of internment of PoWs, or for their release and repatriation.
• E.g. at the end of the 1971 war, India had more than 80,000 Pakistani troops who had surrendered to the Indian Army after the liberation of Dhaka
• India agreed to release them under the Shimla Agreement of 1972.
• During the Kargil War, after intense diplomatic efforts, Pakistan returned Flight Lieutenant Nachiketa, who was captured after ejecting from his burning Mi27.
• In the present case, Pakistan can decide to send Wing Commander Abhinandan unilaterally, or negotiate his release with India.

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