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Friday, 4 January 2019
Some facts of constutional assembly of India
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Wednesday, 26 December 2018
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill 2018
Lok Sabha passed a bill seeking to empower the transgender community by providing them a separate identity.
- The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, seeking to define transgenders and prohibit discrimination against them, was introduced in the Lok Sabha two years ago.
- Amid din, five members participated in the debate, questioning the provisions of the legislation.
- The amendments moved by the government, along with some others moved by the opposition members, were considered. Union Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Thawar Chand Gehlot said that the Bill was sent to a standing committee and the government has accepted its 27 amendments.
Brief History of Transgender in India
Numbering approximately 4,90,000 as per the last count (2011), transgender people in India are perhaps one of the most visibly invisible population in the country. Historically, Indian society has been tolerant of diverse sexual identities and sexual behaviours. The “hijra” community evolved to form a unique subculture within the Indian society, existing alongside the ubiquitous heterosexual unit of the family. They had cultural and social significance across the country in various avatars. The same is evident in Indian mythology and ancient literature such as the Kamasutra, or the epics such as the Mahabharata, in which the transgender community has been portrayed with dignity and respect.
However, transgender people have been increasingly recognised as one of the most socio-economically marginalised communities in the country.
- Since the late 19th century, they have been pushed to the margins of society, and have lost the social-cultural position they once enjoyed.
- Often shunned as a menace to society, they are now only visible on the streets and localities where they are found begging, never as a part of the mainstream.
- They are subject to extreme forms of social ostracisation and exclusion from basic dignity and human rights. They remain highly vulnerable to gender-based violence.
- As a direct result of their acute mistreatment, vilification, ostracisation and dehumanisation, they also remain highly vulnerable to fatal communicable diseases like HIV-AIDS.
- The typical lifecycle of a transgender person in India can, perhaps, be construed as one of the most painful. Most often, boys who do not conform to the gender construct binary in our society leave, or are forced to leave their families, and live in vulnerable conditions. More often than not, these children or young individuals begin their journey alone and in search of individuals of their kind, a journey that is marred by unspeakable hardships and abuse.
- Despite laws, policies and their implementation, the community continues to remain quite marginalised and highly vulnerable. We have numerous examples of higher education institutions providing quota and giving special consideration to transgender people, but the takers remain few and far between. This is mostly because the school education of most transgender people either remains incomplete or non-existent. The lack of basic schooling is a direct result of bullying and, hence, transgender persons are forced to leave schools, which remain unequipped to handle children with alternate sexual identities.
1st Acceptance – As “others” during Elections
In 2009, it was brought to the notice of the Election Commission that some voters weren’t getting registered as they refused to declare themselves as male or female — the traditional gender binary, earlier found on voter registration forms to be filled in order to get registered as a voter. This is especially significant for the local body elections in constituencies which are reserved for women.
As a result, in November 2009, appropriate directions were issued by the EC to all provinces to amend the format of the registration forms to include an option of “others”. This enabled transsexual people to tick the column if they didn’t want to be identified as either male or female. This decision of the EC also went a long way towards opening the nation’s eyes to the realities of a deprived community that still continues to be at the margins.
2nd Acceptance: National Legal Services Authority Vs. Union of India (2014)
The Supreme Court in National Legal Services Authority Vs. Union of India (2014) recognised them as the “Third Gender”. In the landmark ruling, Justice K S Radhakrishnan, who headed the two-judge bench, observed that “recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue, but a human rights issue”.
Only a year after the verdict, it was encouraging to see India’s first transgender mayor of Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, Madhu Kinnar, elected to office, in 2015. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016, was passed in the Rajya Sabha.
What were the objections?
Lack of proper definition for transgenders: The amendments passed on Monday include a change in the previous definition of transgender persons as “neither wholly female or wholly male”, which was criticised as being insensitive. The new definition terms a transgender person as one “whose gender does not match the gender assigned to that person at birth and includes trans-men or trans-women, persons with intersex variations, gender-queers, and persons having socio-cultural identities such as kinnar, hijras, aravani and jogta”.
No provision for self-determination of gender: Instead, the bill envisions a district screening committee which will be invested the power to certify people as trans or not. A person who wishes to transition from one gender identity to another will be certified as male/female only after a gender reassignment surgery — in effect, turning an issue of personal identity into a medical procedure, and making vast swathes of marginalised persons dependent on the whims of an often hostile bureaucracy. In fact, the Nalsa judgment had specifically laid out that “any insistence on surgery for declaring one’s gender is immoral and illegal”.
No reservations: The Supreme Court, in the landmark April 2014 NALSA judgment, had issued a directive “to extend all kinds of reservations in cases of admission in educational institutions and for public appointments” by treating transgender persons as socially and educationally backward classes. They were to be given reservations under the 27 per cent OBC quota, a suggestion that was also endorsed by the National Commission for Backward Classes in its recommendations to the Social Justice Ministry in 2014.
Criminalises begging: To make matters worse, the Bill criminalises begging, thereby targeting transgender persons who rely on begging for sustenance. Such provisions disregard the lived realities of transgender persons for whom begging often is the last resort. In fact, provisions such as these could give immunity to the police to exert force on transgender persons and “rehabilitate” them in beggars’ homes or detention centres against their will. Such harsh measures of detaining marginalised individuals under the garb of rehabilitation have also been criticised by the Delhi High Court in Harsh Mander v. Union of India, 2018, declaring provisions of the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959 as unconstitutional on grounds that it violates Article 14 (equality before the law) and Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty), and affects the rights of persons who have no other means of sustenance but to beg.
Sexual Harassment not addressed: The Bill fails to extend protection to transgender persons who might be victims of sexual assault or rape, as the Indian Penal Code recognises rape in strict terms of men and women as perpetrator and victim, respectively. While the Bill makes “sexual abuse” punishable, with a disproportionate punishment of imprisonment only up to two years, it does not define the acts that constitute sexual offences, making it complicated for transgender persons to report such crimes and access justice.
Civil rights ignored: The Bill does not grapple with the realisation of civil rights such as marriage, civil partnership, adoption and property rights, thereby continuing to deprive transgender persons of their fundamental rights and the constitutional guarantee provided by the Supreme Court in NALSA.
Conclusion
- The need of the hour is a robust Bill with strong anti-discrimination provisions that will remedy the historical injustices faced by the transgender community, which continues to fight for the most basic rights even today.
- There is much good intention behind the welfare provisions, but social legislation is much more than high-minded clauses. It needs to be followed up with zealous implementation and framing of deadlines to achieve specific objectives.
- A multi-pronged approach is needed on a war footing in the form of mass awareness campaigns, generating avenues for dignified employment, gender sensitisation and affirmative action.
Saturday, 22 December 2018
Contribution of Dairy Farming in the Economy
Milk production is a very important element of the whole dairy chain. Dairy cooperatives, helped to create strong network and linkages in millions of rural households scattered across the country. Milk contributes close to the 1/3rd of gross income of rural households. The livestock sector contributes to 4% of India’s GDP and the dairy sector comprises majority of share.
A sustained growth of milk production in India, growing at a CAGR of 5 per cent between 2010-16, and the leading position of milk among all the agricultural commodities have placed dairy in the forefront of the government’s commitment to double farmers’ income by 2022.
Key Challenges of the Dairy Sector in India
Quality a big concern – More than 70% of marketable surplus goes through informal channel where quality is a big concern. Sometimes quality is an issue in the formal channel as well. Quality of milk or value-added products are a barrier to entry to the export market, especially the USA and the EU.
Poor governance of cooperatives – Prices decided by cooperatives are not based on fat measurement, which affects farmer’s profitability. In addition, lower prices declared by cooperatives, results in low prices of milk paid by all the players in the industry.
Non-existent of extension facilities: Lack of adequate breeding and preventive care services to improve animal health, along with low access to credit and risk-taking ability makes farmers unable to increase their herd size.
Taxation on value added products: Taxation on value added products would cause the industry to reduce the milk prices paid to the dairy farmers. High rate might also increase the consumer prices of dairy products substantially.
The Way Forward
- Milk is highly perishable, therefore value addition such as processing, packaging, and conversion to long life products, such as sterilized milks (UHT), dahi, paneer, chhachh, lassi, shrikhand and so on, is more a necessity than a luxury. It is crucial that a softer view is taken while imposing GST and imperative to create special class for dairy products with minimum value-addition.
- The government should have a farmer-centric approach, as perhaps milk is the only industry that is able to pay to the dairy farmers more than 2/3 of price charged to the consumer. No other food processing industry in India is able to meet such high expectations of the farmers. Tax exemption on dairy industry should not be considered as a loss to the national exchequer but an investment that would spur growth in milk production, which eventually would enhance rural prosperity and increase the farmer’s income.
- In addition, there should be level playing field for private players and the cooperatives. There is very low competition to cooperatives because private sector was not allowed to participate until recently.
- Lastly, grants to be provided to strengthen extension services in areas of animal husbandry. Budget allocation to develop infrastructure setup in the milk procurement area for small and medium size operations, and subsidies to encourage rural entrepreneurship in areas of milk procurement such as collection center setup and credit correspondents.
- The government should establish formal breeding centres and subsequent sale of such cows and buffaloes to the farmers. It falls upon the government to bring some of the best technologies from Israel, as the private sector will be never be making such investments. In addition to the breeding centres, formal cow hostels, with the best milking technologies from Israel should be established.
Tuesday, 27 November 2018
Women's participation in Agriculture
Women are the backbone of the rural economy, especially in developing countries. They make up almost half of the world’s farmers, and over the last few decades, they have broadened their involvement in agriculture. The number of female-headed households has also increased as more men have migrated to cities. As the primary caregivers to families and communities, women provide food and nutrition; they are the human link between the farm and the table.
India’s agricultural industry, which employs 80 to 100 million women, cannot survive without their labour. From preparing the land, selecting seeds, preparing and sowing to transplanting the seedlings, applying manure/fertilisers/pesticides and then harvesting, winnowing and threshing, women work harder and longer than male farmers. Despite their hard labour in the field, women are not officially counted as farmers, and are either labelled “agricultural labourers” or “cultivators”.
Agriculture can be an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. But the sector is underperforming in many countries in part because women, who are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face constraints that reduce their productivity.
Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes. Many of these activities are not defined as “economically active employment” in national accounts but they are essential to the wellbeing of rural households.
Critical Issues
Women and unpaid household responsibilities: Women are generally less able than men to participate in economic opportunities because they face a work burden that men do not. In most societies, women are responsible for most of the household and child-rearing activities as well rearing of small livestock, although norms differ by culture and over time. This additional work burden is unpaid and limits women’s capacity to engage in income-earning activities, which often require a minimum fixed time before being profitable. Furthermore, the nature of tasks, such as caring for children and elderly household members, requires women to stay near the home, thus limiting options to work for a wage.
Gender differences within Agriculture market: Intra-household inequality can also weaken a woman’s position also outside of the home (Kapadia, 1993 and 1995). Women are over-represented in jobs characterized by low wages, high job insecurity and generally poor labour standards. When women have limited decision-making ability within the household or low access to resources and household income, they are more likely to accept lower wages. Kantor (2008) notes that, for most women in northern India, labour market participation is a survival strategy for the household, not a means of improving standards of living or voice in the household.
Lack of ownership of land: As many as 87 per cent of women do not own their land; only 12.7 per cent of them do. There are two primary reasons for the alarmingly low number: One, land being a state subject is not governed by the constitution under a uniform law that applies equally to all citizens but rather is governed by personal religious laws, which tend to discriminate against women when it comes to land inheritance. Second, the cultural aspect of the deep-rooted biases that hinder women’s ownership of land in patriarchal societies cannot be discounted.
Women: Change Agents
As the global community works toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) — among them, SDG2, which aims to end hunger and malnutrition by 2030 — women can be the key agents of change in agriculture, nutrition and rural development. With better access to information, training, and technology, women can alter food production and consumption so that land and resources are used sustainably.
In India
- Of the total farmers in the country, about 14 per cent are women. A research by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) conducted in nine states shows that the participation of women is 75 per cent in the production of major crops, 79 per cent in horticulture, 51 per cent in post-harvest work and 95 per cent in animal husbandry and fisheries.
- In order to bring women in the agriculture mainstream, the government has allocated more than 30 per cent of funds for women under various major schemes/programmes and development related activities.
- Under the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI), 38.78 lakh women have been trained in the last two years. Similarly, 6.07 lakh and 7000 women have benefited through KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s) and skill training respectively.
Economic Survey 2018: Gender-specific interventions for higher productivity
“With growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers,” the survey noted. Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields “is a fact long taken for granted,” the survey observed.
- Women farmers should have enhanced access to resources like land, water, credit, technology and training which warrants critical analysis in the context of India.
- The entitlements of women farmers will be the key to improve agriculture productivity. The differential access of women to resources like land, credit, water, seeds and markets needs to be addressed.
- Focus on women self-help group (SHG) to connect them to micro-credit through capacity building activities and to provide information and ensuring their representation in different decision-making bodies.
The Way Forward
- An ‘inclusive transformative agricultural policy’ should aim at gender-specific interventions to raise productivity of small farm holdings, integrate women as active agents in rural transformation, and engage men and women in extension services with gender expertise.
- An increased work burden with lower compensation is a key factor responsible for their marginalisation. It is important to have gender-friendly tools and machinery for various farm operations. Most farm machinery is difficult for women to operate. Manufacturers should be incentivised to come up with better solutions. Farm machinery banks and custom hiring centres promoted by many State governments can be roped in to provide subsidised rental services to women farmers.
- Equalising access to productive resources for female and male farmers could increase agricultural output in developing countries by as much as 2.5% to 4%. Krishi Vigyan Kendras in every district can be assigned an additional task to educate and train women farmers about innovative technology along with extension services.
- Providing women with access to secure land is key to incentivising the majority of India’s women farmers. This, coupled with the need to make investments to improve harvests, will result in increased productivity and improve household food security and nutrition. Land-owning women’s offspring thus receive better nourishment and have better health indicators. Land-owning mothers also tend to invest in their children’s education. Ultimately, this is a win-win situation all around — for the farmer, her family and the larger ecosystem. With security of tenure, female farmers should be provided with the three critical driving factors — the incentive, the security, as well as the opportunity — to invest in the land they harvest. Security of land tenure also presents advantages for landlords by removing the fear of losing their land ownership.
Note:
15th October: International Day of Rural Women by the United Nations, and National Women’s Farmer’s Day (Rashtriya Mahila Kisan Diwas) in India
Wednesday, 14 November 2018
Why Is Children's Day Celebrated On November 14?
Children's Day is celebrated on the 14th of November in India as a tribute to Jawaharlal Nehru https://www.facebook.com/Aovious1, who was born on November 14, 1889.
Jawaharlal Nehru, who was fondly called Chacha Nehru or simply Chachaji, was known for his love for children. On this day, chocolates and gifts are often distributed among children, while schools organize different events such as debates, and music and dance performances.
It is also a common practice to distribute gifts like clothes, toys and books to orphan children on this day.
Prior to 1964, India celebrated Children's Day on 20 November, which was observed as the universal Children's Day by the United Nations. But after his death in 1964, it was unanimously decided to celebrate his birthday as Bal Diwas in the country due to his love and affection towards children.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once said "The children of today will make the India of tomorrow. The way we bring them up will determine the future of the country".
Keen on the development and education of children in the country, Pandit Nehru oversaw the establishment of some of the most prominent educational institutions in India. His vision for the development of youth played a major role in the setting up of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, or AIIMS, and the Indian Institutes of Technology. He even initiated the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Management.
Apart from his role as a freedom fighter and politician, Pandit Nehru has left behind a legacy of education and development of children in the country, and November 14 is celebrated as a tribute to him.
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Friday, 7 September 2018
Indian polity MCQs for KAS preliminary exam 2018
- In which of the following case/s the six rights guaranteed by article 19 can be suspended?
- External Aggression.
- Internal Emergency.
- When Martial Law is in force.
- 1 only.
- 2 & 3 only.
- 1 & 3 only.
- 1, 2 & 3.
2. Which of the following states joined India after a referendum of its people
- Junagarh
- Sikkim
- Both a & b
- None of the above.
3. The terms not introduced in the Preamble through the 42nd amendment are:
- Socialist
- Secular
- Integrity
- None of the above
4. The feature of Indian constitution borrowed from South African constitution is:
- Procedure established by law
- Procedure for amendment of constitution and election of Rajya Sabha members
- Method of election of President
- Joint Sitting of the Parliament
5. The 15 member Council of India was setup under which act?
- Indian Councils Act,1861
- Indian Councils Act, 1892
- Government of India Act,1858.
- Indian Councils Act,1909
6.Which of the following schedules can be amended by simple majority of Parliament.
- Second Schedule.
- Fifth Schedule.
- Sixth Schedule
- Seventh Schedule.
- 1 only.
- 1 & 4 only.
- 2 & 3 only.
- 1, 2 & 3 only.
7 Which of the following statement with regard to Directive Principles is/are correct:
- Courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the Directive Principles as unconstitutional and invalid.
- Courts can uphold the validity of a law on the ground that it was enacted to give effect to a directive.
- 1 only.
- 2 only.
- Both.
- None.
8. Which of the following subject/s is/are enumerated in the concurrent list:
- Actionable wrongs.
- Education.
- Protection of wild Animals and Birds.
- 1 & 2 only.
- 2 & 3 only.
- 1 & 3 only.
- 1, 2 & 3.
9 Which of the following statements are incorrect:
- The Preamble is a prohibition on the powers of the legislature.
- Preamble is not a part of the constitution.
- Preamble cannot be amended, as it is a part of the basic structure of the constitution.
- 1 & 2 only.
- 2 & 3 only.
- 1 & 3 only.
- 1, 2 & 3.
10. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct:
- If somebody is convicted for some offence and he is sentenced to imprisonment for 3 years he cannot contest elections.
- A person cannot contest from more than two constituencies for a Lok Sabha/Vidhan Sabha election.
- 1 only.
- 2 only.
- Both.
- None.
Wednesday, 29 August 2018
Practice questions on ecology and environment for KAS preliminary exam 2018
Which of the following statements is/are correct about TAPI project?
1. It will transport Caspian Sea natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and then to India.
2. It is funded by the World Bank.
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both
d. None
Consider the following statements regarding Geographical Indications:
1. They are covered under the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
2. They are regulated under patents Act, 1970
3. They are administered by Ministry of Commerce & Industry
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
With reference to North Atlantic Treaty Organization,’ which of the statements given below is/are correct?
1. It is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty
2. It works on –the principle of collective defence i.e. an attack against one ally is considered as an attack against all allies.
3. Turkey is a member country of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
With reference to Sculpture dioxide pollution, consider the following statements:
1. Automobile exhaust is an important source of Sculpture dioxide pollution
2. High concentration of Sculpture dioxide leads to stiffness of flower buds.
3. Lichens are used as an indicator of Sculpture dioxide pollution
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a)1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and3
Which of the following assist in carbon sequestration?
1. Wetland restoration
2. Urban Forestry
3. Phytoplankton growth
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1. Wetland restoration
2. Urban forestry
3. Phytoplankton growth
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
What are the benefits of 2G (Second Generation) Ethanol Bio-refinery?
1) Generate Bio-CNG
2) Generating Bio-fertilizer
3) Reducing CO 2 emissions from the paddy straw
a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 2, 3
d. All of the above
Urban forestry means
a. Creating more public and private gardens in urban areas
b. Planting more trees in urban areas
c. Making the buildings more energy efficient
d. Creating more green pastures in urban areas
Which of the following is/are true regarding the Kigali Agreement?
1) Kigali Agreement is legally binding like the Paris Agreement.
2) All countries are divided into 3 groups with different timelines to phase out emissions with India in the third group.
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Monday, 27 August 2018
Most important practice MCQs for KAS preliminary exam 2018
Q.1) With reference to the ‘None of The Above’ (NOTA) option, consider the following statements:
- It gives the citizens to exercise their right to reject.
- NOTA are counted, but are considered ‘invalid votes’
Select the correct statements
- Only 1
- Only 2
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Which of the following are UN specialized agencies?
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
Select the correct code:
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 3 and 4
- All of the above
1. Green House gases ars also called radiatively active gases as they absorb infrared radiation
2. Under the process of greenhouse flux, earth radiates back energy to the atmosphere.
3. Atmospheric lifetime of Methane is much more than Chlorofluorocarbons.
Which of the above mentioned statements is/ars not correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 only
4 . India is a member of which of the following international conventions related to wildlife conservation?
1. World Heritage Convention (WHC)
2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)
3. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
4. International Whaling Commission (IWC)
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
5 With reference to ‘niche’, consider the following statements:
1. It is the functional role played by a species in an ecosystem.
2. No two species have identical niches. Which of the statements given above is/ars correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Which of the following inert gases is not found in atmosphere
A. Xenon
B. Argon
C. Helium
D. Radon
With reference to the linguistic reorganization of States, consider the following statements:
1. Dhar Commission recommended the reorganization of the states mainly on linguistic basis.
2. JVP Committee accepted language as the basis for reorganization of the states. Fazal Ali Commission rejected one language one state theory,
Which of the statements given above is /are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
With reference to Indian Constitution consider the following statements:
1. Indian constitution has no provision for ban on cow slaughter
2. Free legal aid to the poor is a justiciable right under Indian constitution
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
With reference to Government of India Act, 1935 consider the following statements:
1. lt provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation
2. lt preserve for the establishment of Reserve Bank of India
3. lt abolished Dyarchy in the provinces but provided for the adoption of Dyarchy at the Centre
4. lt provided for the establishment of a Federal court
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
Which tribal revolt is the best example of the reaction of the tribal to the activities of the Christian missionaries in their areas?
(a) Chinch Revolt
(b) Kaya Revolt
(c) Monad Revolt
(d) Char Revolt
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