UN report on Kashmir

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has published the first-ever UN human rights report on Kashmir. 

The title of the report is “Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Kashmir:  Developments in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir from June 2016 to April 2018, and General Human Rights Concerns in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan”. 

Details:

● It highlights the wide range of ongoing serious human rights violations and patterns of impunity in Indian-Administered Kashmir It also raises significant human rights concerns in Pakistan-Administered Kashmir.

  ● It criticise the Restrictions on access to Kashmir imposed by both the Governments of India and Pakistan which impede the work of civil society organizations, journalists and independent human rights experts including OHCHR.

 ● It criticise Abuses by armed groups, Sexual violence, Use of pellet-firing shotgun Lack of access to justice and impunity. Arbitrary arrests and detention, including of children Torture Etc.

  It recommends;

● Urgent repeal of the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990
● Establish independent, impartial and credible investigations to probe all civilian killings, all cases of abuses committed by armed groups, all cases of sexual violence allegedly perpetrated by state and non-state actors. 
● End restrictions on the movement of journalists and arbitrary bans of the publication of newspapers in Jammu and Kashmir
● Fully respect the right of self-determination of the people of Kashmir as protected under international law etc. 

      Problems of the report:
● Incompetence The UN report at best lacklustre and is wholly superficial with little groundwork and insufficient knowledge of the situation.

Glaring biases in the report- It refers to LeT, JeM and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen as "armed groups" even though they are listed as terrorist organisations by the Security Council.

● It uses Pakistan's nomenclature by referring to Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir (PoK) as "Azad Jammu and Kashmir" several times in the document

 ● It dwells at length on the provisions of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act but ignores the fact that most countries protect their armed forces with similar laws.

 ● Factual errors -It says that India is a state party to the international conventions against torture and enforced disappearance. But the fact is that India has not ratified either.

● The high commissioner's office does not state why it selected Kashmir's human rights situation for the report. It does not cite any resolution of the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council or the Security Council as the mandate for it, only its founding resolution.         

 India’s stand;

● India reacted sharply to the report, calling it “fallacious, tendentious and motivated”, and lodged a strong protest with the United Nations. 
● The Opposition also came out in support of the government saying the report violates India’s sovereignty and integrity.
 ● India reiterated that it does not recognise the geographical territories as defined in the report.
● The MEA also said that the report failed to take into account the global consensus on terrorism

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ECONOMICS OPTIONAL Strategy by Abhijeet Sinha, Rank 19 UPSC CSE 2017

Hello everyone,

I am Abhijeet Sinha and I have secured 19th Rank in the Civil Service Examination 2017, with Economics as my optional.  I graduated in Electrical Engineering (2016), but due to the interest developed in reading the Economics section of newspaper, I chose Economics as my optional :).  Over the 2 attempts, I have gained quite substantial experience in the optional, both the good as well as the bad ones. I hope dear aspirants would find something helpful out of it

Last year (1st attempt – 2016) I had one of the lowest scores in Economics Optional, 89+129 = 218. And it became the single reason why I did not find my name in the final rank list. It may have been in part, because Economics as a subject was almost completely new to me. But, much more importantly, it was more down to my own structural fallacies. I had hardly written down a word before the exam, did not solve past years papers…… and had many more strategical flaws.

Based on this, I modified my strategy to focus on the following in my 2017 attempt ( 2nd attempt)

1. Solving past 5–10 years papers is the most important of all tasks, since questions are generally repeated. Since, standard answers to question are missing, one can take the help of solved Past years papers by my senior Tejasvi Rana, who is like an elder sister to me
2. Practising drawing the diagrams. While, it is easy to appreciate and understand the Income effect and Substitution effect in a Labour Supply curve, believe me, while actually drawing, one realises it isn’t as easy as it seems. The more you practise, the easier it will become
3. Focussing on every word of the syllabus ( for GS as well). For instance, Q 6a of this years Paper 2 simply asked to write on Poverty Schemes and their performance. The question was almost exactly like the phrase written in the syllabus. Had one prepared notes on it, he/she could have done this question very easily
4. Making OWN notes.Last time, I just used to read from the notes of Gaurav Sir. But, now I can say that making your own notes helps to understand better, revise better and helps in writing practise. But, yeah, take the notes of Gaurav sir, Tejasvi, my own etc as a guidance
5. For Paper 1, I tried to cover the main topics from Indian authors as well, especially key terms and definitions. For eg q 5a ( 2017) asking on Differential Tax Incidence has been elaborated in Bhatia’s book.
6. Revising  This is more needed for Eco Paper 2, where there is a need to memorise things. As an example, I was able to revise between 4–5 times between prelims and mains, each revision being of a shorter duration than the previous one.
7. For Answer Writing
   1. Putting a lot of data and names of Economists in my Eco Paper 2 answer
   2. Making my answers more concise and succinct, and not being verbose. See Tejasvi’s answers to appreciate this point.
   3. I tried to interlink Eco 1 and Eco 2. For eg, on the question on Gravity model of trade in Paper 1 , I quoted actual examples of India and UAE ( how UAE is small, but we have a trade of 60 billion $)
   4. Trivial changes like Using pencil and scale to draw 🙂
8. Taking help from my peers, seniors and the group econsiasprep@googlegroups.comwhenever required.

Other Points worth noting

• For UPSC purpose, it is not important to go into the Mathematical details, what . Rarely has a question been asked from it. Instead focus on the Diagrams very well
• Utilise the first 5-15 minutes to identifywhich questions to attempt. It is better to invest time in the beginning, than to regret later, when 1 realises that he/she is short of points
• Stay away from negativities. People might demotivate you that Economics is not an easy optional. Maintain the confidence and resilience during moments like those. Remember that every year, there are scores of people who come in the rank list with Economics as an optional, in spite of very few people choosing economics in the 1st place

Booklist

Paper 1

1. Micro –
   1. Primarily from Ahuja. As Tejasvi said last time, a thumb rule to find out what is important and what is not is to see past years papers. If a question is being asked from a chapter, then it is important
   2. Abhimanyu’s notes as a summary – https://reluctanteconomistblog.wordpress.com/
2. Macro and Money Banking
   1. Mainly Froyen
   2. Ahuja to find out any new definitons / terms
3. International
   1. Salvatore
4. Growth and Devleopment
   1. Thirlwall mainly
   2. Jhingan for new terms / definitions
5. Public Finance
   1. Musgrave mainly
   2. Bhatia for new terms / definitions

Paper 2

• Instead of going cover to cover, I went topic by topic,browsing every word / phrase of syllabus, and making my own notes from various sources such as
  • Gaurav Sir’s notes – Khelo India
  • Tejasvi’s notes
  • Riju Mam notes – Riju Bafna
  • Mishra and Puri
  • Uma Kapila
• Althoug, I’ve already done the hardwork and compiled the notes out of these into 1 single source :). They can be accessed here –

https://1drv.ms/u/s!Am-XDyZeJwRZjJkuXjXNDxvI6uss-A

All of these did help me to improve my score from 218 to 288 this time ( 140 + 148). Although, its not an excellent score, but it was good enough to give me a good rank. And I hope and wish, it helps you as well 

For more queries and sharing of materials especially related to Economics, you could follow my blog abhijeetsinhaupsc.wordpress.com

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NATIONAL POLICY ON BIO FULES 2018

• The Union Cabinet has approved National Policy on Biofuels – 2018 in order to promote biofuels in the country.
• Biofuels in India are of strategic importance as it augers well with ongoing initiatives of Government such as Make in India,  Skill Development and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
• It also offers great opportunity to integrate with ambitious targets of doubling of import reduction, farmers’ income, employment generation, waste to wealth Creation.

Salient features of Policy

• The policy categorises biofuels to enable extension of appropriate financial and fiscal incentives under each category
• • Basic Biofuels: First Generation (1G) bioethanol and biodiesel.
  • Advanced Biofuels: Second Generation (2G) ethanol, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to drop-in fuels, Third Generation (3G) biofuels, bio-CNG etc.

• Expansion scope of raw material for ethanol production: It allows use of sugarcane juice, sugar containing materials like sweet sorghum, sugar beet, starch containing materials like corn, cassava, damaged food grains like broken rice, wheat, rotten potatoes, unfit for human consumption for ethanol production.
• Use of surplus food grains: The policy allows use of surplus food grains for production of ethanol for blending with petrol with approval of National Biofuel Coordination Committee. This will ensure farmers get appropriate price for their produce during the surplus production phase.
• Incentives to advanced biofuel: Viability gap funding scheme indicated for 2G ethanol Bio refineries of Rs.5000 crore in 6 years for giving special emphasis to advanced biofuels. It also proposes additional tax incentives, higher purchase price as compared to 1G biofuels.
• Supply chain mechanisms: The policy encourages setting up of supply chain mechanisms for biodiesel production from non-edible oilseeds, used cooking oil, short gestation crops.
• Synergising efforts: It predefines roles and responsibilities of all the concerned Ministries and Government Departments with respect to biofuels to synergise efforts.

Expected Benefits

• Reduce Import Dependency: The ethanol supply will help to reduce import dependency on crude oil which will in turn result in savings of forex.
• Cleaner Environment: The use of ethanol will reduce CO2 emissions. It will also reduce Green House Gas emissions by reducing crop burning and conversion of agricultural residues and wastes into biofuels.
• Health benefits: Prolonged reuse of cooking oil for preparing food, particularly in deep-frying causes health hazard and can lead to many diseases. By using cooking oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel will prevent diversion of used cooking oil in the food industry.
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management: Using advance technologies waste and plastic in MSW can be converted in use fuels. One ton of such waste has potential to provide around 20% of drop in fuels.
• Infrastructural Investment in Rural Areas: Addition of 2G bio refineries across country will spur infrastructural investment in the rural areas.
• Employment Generation: Setting up one 100klpd 2G bio refinery contributes to 1200 jobs in plant operations, village level entrepreneurs and supply chain management.
• Additional Income to Farmers: By adopting 2G technologies for producing biofuels, agricultural residues and waste which otherwise are burnt by farmers can be converted to ethanol. Through this process farmers can fetch price for these waste. Moreover, conversion of surplus grains and agricultural biomass can also help in price stabilization for farmers

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Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan

Source All India radio

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi gave its approval for restructured Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA).   

Influence: Mahatma Gandhi always highlighted the importance of villages and spoke about ‘Gram Swaraj’

Objective:

To make rural local bodies

• Self-sustainable
• Financially stable
• More efficient

Address critical gaps that hinder the success of panchayats by

• Enhancing their capacities and effectiveness
• Promoting devolution of powers and responsibilities

Presence: In all States and Union territories; will also include institutions of rural local government in non-Part IX areas, where panchayats do not exist.

Centre-State Responsibility:

• The sharing ratio for the state components will be 60:40 barring the Northeast and hilly states where it will be 90:10.
• For UTs, the central share will be 100 per cent.
• The Central component includes national level activities such as ‘National Plan of Technical Assistance’, ‘Mission Mode project on e-Panchayat’, ‘Incentivisation of Panchayats’; while the State component includes ‘Capacity Building of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)’.
• The State Governments will formulate the Annual Action Plans for seeking assistance from the Central Government.

Nature of the Scheme

• The key principles of SDGs, i.e. leaving no one behind, reaching the farthest first and universal coverage, along with gender equality will be embedded in the design of all capacity building interventions including trainings, training modules and materials.
• Priority will be given to subjects of national importance that affects the excluded groups the most, e.g. poverty, primary health services, nutrition, immunization, sanitation, education, water conservation, digital transactions etc.
• The scheme is designed keeping in view programmatic convergence with Mission Antyodaya GPs and 115 Aspirational districtsas identified by NITI Aayog. As Panchayats have representation of Schedule Castes, Schedule Tribes and women, and are institutions closest to the grass­roots, strengthening Panchayats will promote equity and inclusiveness, along with Social Justiceand economic development of the community.

Impact:

• Help more than 2.55 lakh Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to develop governance capabilities to deliver on SDGs through inclusive local governance with focus on optimum utilisation of available resources.
• Increased use of e-governance by PRIs will help achieve improved service delivery and transparency.
• Strengthen Gram Sabhas to function as effective institutions with social inclusion of citizens particularly the vulnerable groups
• Establish the institutional structure for capacity building of PRIs at the national, state and district level with adequate human resources and infrastructure.
• Panchayats will progressively be strengthened through incentivisation on the basis of nationally important criteria which will encourage competitive spirit among them.

Conclusion:

Individual citizens and village level institutions in rural India have the most at stake in the development of their communities. Good Rural Governance programs empower these communities by engaging citizens and members of village level institutions to actively participate in their own development. Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhyaan seeks to include and expand developmental experience at the grassroots level.

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All about agriculture in J&K with PDF

Jammu & Kashmir State is predominantly an agrarian economy with about 80% of its population engaged in agriculture and allied sectors. 
The agro-climatic diversity of the State varying from sub-tropical in Jammu, temperate in Kashmir and cold arid in Ladakh, makes it ideal for varied cultivation. 
The goal before the Agriculture Production Department is to enhance the income of farmers and to generate employment in agriculture and allied sectors. The strategy adopted for this purpose is to increase production and productivity of the crops and to enable farmers to diversify their crop production so as to take advantage of market opportunities. he main role of the department is to help farmers to adopt better technology and to facilitate establishment of infrastructure for farm production and marketing. New avenues are being explored for investment. The department is also promoting diversification of agricultural crops to motivate farmers to move towards low volume-high value crops like vegetables, medicinal plants and niche products like saffron, rajmash, zeera, mushrooms etc.  Agriculture has, after a very long time, occupied centre stage in the economic and administrative discourse in the State at a time when all seemed lost due to the dwindling interest of the younger generation in agriculture activities. The concerted efforts of the Agriculture Production Department have triggered a new hope among the people, which promises profitability and dignity in the agriculture as an occupation

For full article  download Below pdf file 

PDF click here 

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Essay Paper Strategy and Resources – by Abhishesk Surana Rank 10 CSE 2017

It is one of THE Most rewarding paper in the Mains Exam.

When I first started preparing I use to wonder how would it be possible to write 1000-1200 words on two topics in 3 hours. Where would I get the content from? How would I frame the argument? My friends who had appeared in CSE before dismissed these doubts as trivial saying that it is one of the easiest paper in CSE which require least preparation compared to the marks you get.

In the hindsight I would say they were partly correct.

For any UPSC aspirant content is not an issue at all. What one study in GS is actually fodder for essay. The challenge here is to recall those ideas in first 20 minutes and frame a coherent and sensible argument. And this demands practice.But this can only take you so far. Once you get a hang of writing 1000 words on a topic you should start working on structuring your content, getting innovative ideas into your essay, giving a broad perspective to a topic, using quotes and anecdotes.

My strategy

• I used to choose a topic which has lots of dimensions to it. Usually this was the topic on which most people were going to write a essay. While there are advocates of choosing a non mainstream topic, it has inherent risk of backfiring. So I would suggest stick to the popular topic.
• Then I use to list down the random keywords and ideas that use to come to my mind as i start thinking on the topic.
• After 5 minutes I will write the questions that I want to answer in my essay- 5/6 of them – this gives structure to your content
• Now for next 10 mins I use to connect my ideas with the questions. I would try to recall any quotes, data points, anecdotes, movies, books, authors, philosophers, leaders that I could relate with the topic
• In this time I also use to frame a coherent argument along with a decent Introduction and conclusion
• Introduction
  • Hook – something catchy – a quote, data point, short story which catches attention
  • thesis – Brief outline of your argument
  • Background – you can give a historical perspective of the issue or define the topic
• Use of rhetorical questions – at times as they help in giving a structure to the essay.
• Use of headings – not more than 3 in an essay, Your essay should look like a editorial in the Hindu
• Use of diagrams – I am not in favour. An essay is test of your language and writing skills in my opinion.
• Dimensions
  • SPECLIH – Social (Education, Health, Women, Children, other vulnerable groups), Political, Philosophy, Environment, Economic, Cultural (beliefs, attitude, values, ethics ), Linguistic/Local, International, Humanistic, history, Governance, Administration
• Stakeholders to Analyse from different perspectives
  • Individual, Family, Community , Society, Nation, Humanity
• Conclusion
  • Suggestion, Reiterate your core argument, Positive, Reserve best for here
  • I would try to use parallelism if i can. For Ex – Read MLK I have a dream speech

Few More Tips

• Choose a topic where you can argue in a reasonable and balanced manner
• Find the spirit of the topic
• Argument should be coherent.
• Present opposite side
• Introductory Hook, Thesis, Background – should be positive unlike “the world is in chaos, or pollution will kill us”
• Avoid using contraction – it’s , should’ve etc
• Use as less numbers as possible. 2/3 should be used as two thirds
• Bring some originality – give your opinion,
• Substantiate each argument with a “why?”
• You can use an anecdote from a movie or a book. The more contemporary it is the better it would be

DON’T FORGET

• WHAT IS BEING TESTED – YOUR VALUE SYSTEM, YOUR CAPACITY TO ARGUE, YOUR PERSONALITY. YOUR KNOWLEDGE IS NOT BEING TESTED
• THERE IS NO RIGHT AND WRONG SIDE IF YOU CAN ARGUE COHERENTLY
• NEVER GIVE SHALLOW ARGUMENT.
• QUANTITY DOES NOT MATTER. IF YOU CAN ARGUE IN CONCISE MANNER, THAT IS EVEN BETTER

2 Essay Approach

• 80 min for each essay then. (60 min for writing + 20 min for thinking)
• First 10 min choose the topic.
• Last 10 min to revise.
• 8-9 pages for each essay
• 
  

My essay notes

• Certain keywords which can be used in essay
• Essay notes
  • There are a set of openings and ending which you can use in various essays
  • for each topic I’ve divided it into
    • Data
    • Issues
    • Importance
    • Suggestion
    • Quotes
  • Since most of the topics are covered in GS, the notes standalone are not sufficient
  • There are ample number of references from movies, philospohers, books etc
• Few articles/speeches as food for thought
• Shabbir sir class notes  – Vajiram
  • A big credit goes to him. I was able to get a decent score in essay for 3 continuous years following his template

Essay workbook I used – courtesy GS Score

Topper’s booklets from previous years

I would say that your efforts should be in the direction to get a above average score and not the highest marks. At times, many have done miserably in this paper by experimenting with topic, structure, language or content. You should adopt a risk free approach and stick to the conventional wisdom.

My best wishes.

-Abhishek

PS – My essay marks 126(2014), 136(2015), 148(2016) and 136(2017)

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Protection of Human Rights (Amendments) Bill, 2018

Cabinet approves the Protection of Human Rights (Amendments) Bill, 2018

(Relevant for GS prelims, GS Mains Paper II)  

The Union Cabinet has given its approval to the Protection of Human Rights (Amendments) Bill, 2018 for better protection and promotion of human rights in the country.  

Salient Features:

 1. It proposes to include National Commission for Protection of Child Rights as deemed Member of the Commission;
 2. It proposes to add a woman Member in the composition of the Commission; 
3. It proposes to enlarge the scope of eligibility and scope of selection of Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission as well as the State Human Rights Commission; and 
4. It proposes to incorporate a mechanism to look after the cases of human rights violation in the Union Territories. 

5. It proposes to amend the term of office of Chairperson and Members of National Human Rights Commission and State Human Rights Commission to make it in consonance with the terms of Chairperson and Members of other Commissions.  

Benefits: 

The Amendment will strengthen the Human Rights Institutions of India further for effective discharge of their mandates, roles and responsibilities. Moreover, the amended Act will be in perfect sync with the agreed global standards and benchmarks towards ensuring the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual in the country.  

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)  

It is an autonomous public body constituted in year 1993 under Protection of Human Rights Act. It is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International Covenants. 

  Composition of NHRC 

The NHRC consists of:

  • A Chairperson, should be retired Chief Justice of India though GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson )

  • One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India  

• One member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court  

• Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights 

 • In addition, the Chairpersons of four National Commissions Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities) serve as ex officio members.  

The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.  Functions of Commission

  1. Enquire suo moto or on a petition into a complaint of violation of human rights. 
2. Intervene in any proceedings involving violation of human rights pending before court but with approval of court. 
3. Review the safeguards provided by constitution or any law for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
 4. Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.   

NHRC reports to the President and Governor on matters relating to Union and State, respectively. President and Governor cause presentation of the report to respective legislatures along with ATR (Action Taken Report) by respective Council of Ministers.  

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India China Wuhan summit 2018

A two day informal summit between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping took place in the central Chinese city of Wuhan in the last week of April 2018.

Background:

• Since the Doklam Standoff,there have been no high level meetings between India and China.
• An informal summit was thus called to improve bilateral tiesand to prevent another standoff at the border.
• The summit had no fixed agenda so that a wide range of issues could be covered.

Note:

• In December 2017, the two Foreign Ministers met in New Delhi followed by a meeting between China’s then state councilor Yang Jiechi and Mr. Modi’s National Security Adviser, Ajit Doval.
• Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale visited China in February 2018
• Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj and Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman went to China for Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meetings.

Significance of the summit:

• The very decision by theChinese President Xi Jinping to spend two days in the cityfor talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi sends out amessage to Chinese business and political classes that ties with India have the highest approval.
• The summit has shown that despite bilateral and geopolitical differences, India and China can resolve differences peacefully and through prolonged dialogue.
• The summit’s outcomes may have been limited but are very valuable to stabilise the relationship.
• It has underlined the necessity of an entente cordialebetween the two countries, which have becomeincreasingly distrustful of each other.

Major Takeaways:

• Both the countries have decided to “issue strategic guidance to their militaries to strengthen communication”  in order to build trust and mutual understanding and enhance predictability and effectiveness in the management of border affairs, essentially to avoid another Doklam-like confrontation
• They have addressed measures to balance the ballooning trade deficit of about $52 billion (of about $84 billion bilateral trade), mostly by encouraging agricultural and pharmaceutical exports to China
• Both the countries discussed ajoint project in Afghanistan.This proposed joint economic project in Afghanistan could beinstrumental in mitigating the trust deficit between the two sides.
• They attempted to reduce the heat over unresolved issues and so-called “irritants” in the relationship, such as China’s block on India’s NSG membership bid or the UN’s terror designation for Pakistan-based groups, and India’s opposition to the Belt and Road Initiative or its use of the Tibet issue by strengthening the existing mechanisms of dialogue.

Positive changes after the summit:

• A statement was made by the Chinese vice foreign minister that China will not push India to join its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to connect countries Asia, Europe and Africa amid India’s persistent reservations on Xi’s mega project on the grounds of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and financing patterns.
• Chinese business and industrial houses could now choose India as destination for greenfield projects and not just mergers and acquisitions.

Way Forward:

• The Wuhan summit has recommitted India and China to managing bilateral relations in a manner that creates the conditions for the “Asian Century
• If China and India can cooperate in Afghanistan, they can certainly do so in other parts of the neighbourhood.
• Mr. Modi and Mr. Xi, both withstrong domestic political standing, would be able to reach an agreement, and use it to further consolidate their domestic appeal,
• The “informal summit” is being perceived as a big positive for Chinese companies investing in India as the two governments attempt to reset bilateral ties. This would give a major boost to the Make in India Campaign.

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